As a drug delivery system, ketoconazole microemulsion in virgin coconut oil (oil phase) is added with a thickening agent to create transdermal dosage form. This study aimed to compare the physical stabilities of ketoconazole microemulsions formed with different thickeners, namely Carbopol 934 and Carbopol 941. The formula used varying concentrations of Carbopol 934 and Carbopol 941, i.e., 0.15% and 0.25%. The stability was observed during eight-week storage in which the conditions were controlled by different degrees of temperature, i.e., 40C, 25-300C (room temperature), and 400C. The stability tests included organoleptic observation, pH, surface tension, viscosity, particle size, and zeta potential. Based on the Kruskal-Wallis test results, ketoconazole microemulsion with Carbopol 941 that had been stored in different temperature showed a significant difference in particle size (significance value< 0.05), but it did not apply to Carbopol 934. The evaluation revealed that compared to 0.25% of Carbopol 934, microemulsion with 0.15% of Carbopol 934 had a smaller difference between the time intervals. This research concluded that the use of 0.15% of Carbopol 934 as a thickener in ketoconazole microemulsion had better physical stability compared to Carbopol 941 due to the influence of temperature and length of storage.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pemahaman mahasiswa dilihat dari aspek makroskopis, mikroskopis dan simbolik dalam memahami konsep. Fenomena pembelajaran kimia yang ditemukan hampir selalu terfokus pada tingkat makroskopik berupa rumus dan angka, sedangkan tingkat yang sering luput dari pengematan adalah tingkat mikroskopik dan simbolik seperti penyajian diagram dan proses reaksi kimia. Salah satu sifat dari ilmu kimia adalah cenderung bersifat abstrak dan kompleks, seperti proses terjadinya reaksi elektrolisis dimana terjadi pergerakan partikel yang tidak dapat diamati oleh mata sehingga sering terjadi miskonsepsi dalam memahami konsep kimia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen semu dengan pendekantan kuantitatif dilakukan pada mahasiswa semester satu sebanyak 40 orang di prodi Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. Hamka. Sampel penelitian ini diambil secara purposive random sampling dengan kuisioner. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh hasil pemahaman mahasiswa pada konsep elektrokimia dilihat dari level makroskopis sebesar 72.75% kategori baik, level mikroskopis sebesar 66.25% kategori baik dan simbolik adalah 70% kategori baik. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran dengan aspek makroskopis, mikroskopis, simbolik dapat menanamkan konsep secara utuh. Kata Kunci: makroskopis, mikroskopis, simbolik, elektrokimia.

Swamedikasi merupakan upaya pengobatan sendiri oleh masyarakat untuk mengatasi gejala penyakit, tanpa bantuan dari tenaga kesehatan. Penatalaksanaan yang irrasional dapat mengakibatkan berbagai kerugian seperti kesalahan pengobatan karena ketidaktepatan diagnosis sendiri; penggunaan obat tidak sesuai karena perolehan informasi yang salah dari media; pemborosan waktu dan biaya; dapat menimbulkan reaksi obat yang tidak diinginkan seperti sensitivitas, alergi, efek samping atau resistensi. Kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman dan pengetahuan masyarakat lingkungan RW 18 Desa Cijengkol Kabupaten Bekasi terutama para ibu mengenai obat yang rasional serta pemberian informasi Dagusibu (Dapatkan Gunakan Simpan dan Buang obat) di lingkungan rumah tangga. Penyuluhan diberikan dengan metode ceramah interaktif. Efektifitas penyuluhan diuji dengan rancangan quasi eksperimental pre dan post design. Peserta diberi kuisioner pre-test, selanjutnya diberi intervensi penyuluhan dan terakhir diberikan kuisioner post-test. Hasil pengamatan kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa para peserta sangat antusias mengikuti kegiatan dan hasil analisis data menunjukkan adanya pengaruh pemberian penyuluhan dalam peningkatan pengetahuan mengenai penggunaan obat rasional (POR) dalam swamedikasi berdasarkan hasil uji tberpasangan dan uji wilcoxon.

Tobacco has lots of active compounds that can be used as raw material for making natural insecticides. Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio are examples of agricultural pests. The purpose of this study was to determine LC50 values of tobacco extract on Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio. Previous research showed that tobacco extract had neurotoxin activity and nicotine was the highest content contained in the tobacco leaves. Tobacco extract was obtained by the Extended Heat Reflux Extraction method with ethanol solvent. LC50 values of tobacco extract for Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio were 21.1 mg/ml and 71.1 mg/ml, respectively.

This research analyses the historical development of the Tarbiyah movement in Indonesia. Specifically, it analyses on how and to what extent the da’wa of the Tarbiyah movement has been transformed due its changing of religious, social and political dynamics of Indonesia since 1970s until now. Based on this written document-based research, I argue that the gradual transition of the Tarbiyah movement from a politically repressed network of religious purists in the 1970-80s into a fully-fledged dakwah political party (the Prosperous Justice Party /PKS) was the outcome of new ‘political opportunities’ which emerged during a period of demo­cratisation. The political situation during the time of the Tarbiyah movement’s emergence in the early 1980s saw state repression of Islamic movements and this constraint on political opportunity structures was one of the main factors causing the Liqo to be informally organised. Only in the post-New Order period (begun in 1998) did the movement start to generate its formal organizational structure in the shape of a political party named the PK(S). The move towards formality aimed to take advantage of the ‘political opportunity’ provided by a more democratic government, while the less formal and the informal aspects of their organisation supports the party in recruiting new members and mobilizing its sympathisers.

Papaya seed in previous research is known has an effect of anthelmintic on Ascardia galli, but the effect of papaya seed just by traditional method i.e. boiling in water. To get the effective extraction methods, it still needs to be done many kinds of extraction methods of papaya seed, to know which one is the best. Methods of extraction in this research were maceration, soxhletation, and ultrasonic digestion. We used two kinds of papaya seed: wet and dry, using solvent: water, 70% ethanol, and n-hexane. Data of anthelmintic activity were percentage of worm death, LD50, and relative potential to pyrantel pamoate as positive control. The result showed that the best extraction method of papaya seed which had highest in vitro effect on Ascardia galli worm was maceration method with 70% ethanol as solvent of wet papaja seed. It killed 60% of worm with LD50 9.36 mg and its relative potential is 0.66 times pyrantel pamoate.

Citric acid is one of acid source that can increase dissolving time of effervescent tablet. This study aims at determining the optimal concentration of citric acid as acid source on dissolving time of effervescent tablet. Pericarp mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) dry extracts macerated with water, and powder made by spray drying process. Dry powder obtained was made into 5 formulas effervescent tablets used different concentrations of citric acid, i.e. 20.0, 22.5, 25.0, 27.5, and 30.0%. The tablets were evaluated included organoleptic evaluation, weight uniformity, size uniformity, hardness, friability, and dissolving times. The data in this research were physical properties of granule and tablets. For physical granule properties, i.e. flow time was fulfilling criteria, its flow time under 10 seconds for 100 g of granule. And also for angle of repose it was fulfill the criteria, it value was 25- o 45 . The tablet data of dissolve time fulfilling criteria its value was under 1-5 minutes all. For pH value all the formula were safe to be consumed, the average value was 4.347. By one-way ANOVA test dissolving time data there were differences each other. It could be concluded that the optimum concentration of citric acid as an acid source on dissolving time of the pericarp mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) dry extract effervescent tablets was formula 4 with citric acid concentration of 27.5%.

BACKGROUND: Corncob is one of crude drug which containing phenolic compounds that can be used as an active ingredient for sunscreen preparations. In this study, extracts of dried corn cob made into a gel formulation using SRC (Semi Refined Carrageenan) and glucomannan as a gelling agent. AIM: This study aims to determine the optimal concentration of SRC (Semi Refined Carrageenan) and glucomannan to the physical stability of the gel. METHODS: Gel made into four formulas with a ratio of 1: 4 and the concentration of each formula was 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%. Each formula was evaluated for 6 weeks of storage that includes organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, dispersive power, freeze-thaw test and centrifugation. RESULTS: The results showed the fourth formula did not change the organoleptic test and homogeneity test. In the test separation of the freeze-thaw method, the fourth formula was stable, while in the centrifugation test formula 1 and 2 was been separation. pH and viscosity results obtained from statistics with a two-way ANOVA showed significant differences in each formula. CONCLUSION: From the results of this study concluded that the formula 3 with a concentration of 2% was the optimal concentration as a gelling agent.

This research aims to find the Islamic da’wah values in Api Tauhid novel by Habiburrahman El Shirazy using genetic structural study. This research is qualitative research using content analysis technique. The findings of the values observed in terms of da’wah bil hikmah method are 28 pieces, da’wah bil mauidzah alhasanah method are 48 pieces, and da’wah bil mujadalah alhusna method are only 9 pieces. Meanwhile, the values of Islamic da'wah in terms of the da’wah material are as follows. The Islamic da’wah values of aqidah material are 21 pieces. And Islamic da’wah values in terms of morality material are 22 pieces. Thus, the overall total of the values of Islamic Da'wah is 128 pieces. It can be concluded that the da’wah bil almauidzah alhasanah is more widely used in the Islamic da’wah method of Api Tauhid novel. And da’wah material that is more widely used in the Islamic da’wah of the novel is morality (morality for God and neighbor). From the above conclusion, it is understandable that the da’wah conducted by Habiburrahman in the Api Tauhid novel talks more about morals through bil mauidzah alhasanah (good word) method. The researcher found the correlations between the content of the novel with the author's life. First, the characters of Hamza and Bilal who know the biography of a remarkable scholar Bediuzzaman Said Nursi in very detail, so that in the story they are able to tell Bediuzzaman Said Nursi’s struggle coherently. Secondly, the depiction of the characters in the novel are very religious, especially the main character, Fahmi. Religious background is created no other than the madrasah he attended, after which he studied at boarding schools, and finally he enrolled to study religion in the Middle Eastern country. Third, the story when Fahmi invited by his friend, Hamza (the Turk) to get around Turkey in memory of the history of the struggle of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. Fourth, it is told in the novel about the Fahmi, Hamza and his friends’ trip in Turkey. They visited various places that become the traces of the history of Islam and the struggle of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. Based on the correlation explained above, the author in his work cannot be separated from the circumstances of the surrounding community. In this case, the characteristics, ideological, political, economic, and social culture's are influental on this Habiburrahman’s work. Social culture that is attached to a work can be viewed from several aspects, such as: social culture, language, religion, employment, customs, arts, and others. The implication of this research is the implementation or application in High School which is expected to have a positive impact on students after studying the literature teaching topic. Api Tauhid novel may be one of the sources of teaching Indonesian subject for High School class XII in the second semester.

Centella asiatica is commonly known as centella or pegagan is one of the biological resources that have many benefits for mankind. Clinical and pharmacological study of Centella asiatica has been widely proven by scientists of the world, but there are a few properties that require further investigation in particular its effect on fertility. This research aims to know the influence of the ethanol extract of pegagan (Centella asiatica) towards the birth rates or fertility in the early post-implantation. On the research, white rat (Rattus norvegicus L.) is used as animal tested. The method that used in this research was an experiment by using randomly complete design. The tested animals were grouped into 4 treatment i.e. group I (control group), group II (dose 175 mg/kg body weight), group III (a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight) and Group IV (dose 225 mg/kg body weight). The tested animals were given the exraction of Centella asiatica leaf orally with different doses for 15 days after post-implantation. The value of post-implantation death percentage is calculated by counting the number of implantation, either containing a live fetus, or dead fetus and embryo resorb. The results showed that Centella asiatica gave the influ-ence on white white rat ferlitisation. On the grup IV treatment with the dose of 225 mg/kg body weight showed the highest KPI val-ue i.e. 57.23%.